Journal on Agro-industrial Research and Development
The Journal on Agro-industrial Research and Development (JAIRD) is the official bi-annual Journal of the Agusan del Sur State College of Agriculture and Technology (ASSCAT).
Diversity of Odonata in Selected Freshwater Ecosystems of Bunawan, Agusan del Sur, Philippines
Dragonflies and damselflies, collectively called Odonates, are important indicators of freshwater health. Studying where they live and how many species are present can help us understand habitat quality and guide conservation efforts. This study assessed the diversity, classification, and conservation status of Odonata in four freshwater sites in Bunawan, Agusan del Sur: Bulong-bulongan Falls, Tagbayangbang Falls, Tagbanaba Creek, and Imelda Watershed. Specimens were collected by hand and with nets, and identified using photographs and expert advice. A total of 16 species from eight families were recorded: Libellulidae (6), Calopterygidae (1), Chlorocyphidae (2), Coenagrionidae (2), Euphaeidae (1), Platycnemididae (2), Platystictidae (1), and Protoneuridae (1). The highest Shannon diversity index (H') was recorded at Imelda Watershed (2.471), followed by Bulong-bulongan Falls (2.065), Tagbayangbang Falls (1.793), and Tagbanaba Creek (1.743). Species richness was highest in Imelda Watershed (14 species) and lowest in Tagbayangbang Falls and Tagbanaba Creek (8 species). The relatively high diversity in these sites suggests favorable environmental conditions, influenced by clean waterways, adequate canopy cover, and the presence of perching substrates such as rocks. Lower diversity areas are affected by anthropogenic disturbances like habitat destruction and pollution. These findings show the that Bunawan’s freshwater ecosystems are important for the survival of Odonates. They support the need to protect Odonates and their habitats through long-term conservation. Future researches should study how environmental factors like anthropogenic activities, water quality and vegetation structure influence their distribution over time.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal on Agro-industrial Research and Development
Root-Associated Nematode Diversity and Distribution in Organic Black Rice (Zizania aquatica) Cultivation in Loreto, Agusan del Sur
Nematodes play a significant role in soil ecosystems, contributing to nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition; however, while their presence and characterization has been widely studied in common rice varieties, research on nematodes in organic black rice (Zizania aquatica) remains limited. This study assessed the diversity and distribution of root nematodes in organic black rice fields in Loreto, Agusan del Sur. Nematodes were extracted using the Baermann funnel technique from three sampling plots (A, B, and C) and identified using an Omax trinocular microscope. The isolated nematodes were identified at the genus level, and their presence was correlated to selected soil physicochemical characteristics, including pH, temperature, and moisture. Plot A had the highest diversity and abundance (36 individuals, six genera: Coslenchus sp., Filenchus sp., Hoplolaimus sp., Longidorus sp., Psilenchus sp., and Tripylina sp.), followed by Plot C (25 individuals, three genera: Rhabditis sp., Coslenchus sp., Filenchus sp.) and Plot B (23 individuals, three genera: Aphelenchus sp., Coslenchus sp., Filenchus sp.). Coslenchus sp. and Filenchus sp. were most abundant across all plots. All plots had slightly acidic pH (6.8) and warm temperatures (26.8°C–28.6°C), with Plot C having the highest moisture content (85.5%). Spearman’s correlation showed significant associations between clay soil type, moisture, and Psilenchus sp (p<0.05). This study provides baseline data for sustainable nematode management by linking nematode diversity to soil conditions, offering insights for maintaining balanced communities through good soil health practices. Future research should investigate the functional roles of dominant genera and implement long-term monitoring of nematode populations and diversity to gain a deeper understanding of soil nematode-plant dynamics in organic black rice systems in the Philippines.
Characteristics of Bokashi Pellet Using Different Binding Materials and Varying Levels of Concentration
This study investigated the effects of different binders such as cassava flour, corn flour, and molasses at varying concentrations (1%, 2%, and 3%) on the physical properties and yield of Bokashi pellets. A two-factor analyses using completely randomized design with nine treatment combinations and three replications was employed to evaluate moisture content, pellet length, bulk density, and yield. Results revealed that the binder type and concentration interaction significantly influenced all measured parameters (p < 0.01). The use of 1% molasses produced the highest yield (97%), but has moderately high moisture and only moderate compaction, making it less ideal for other parameters. Increasing molasses concentration to 3% led to excessive moisture retention, negatively affecting pellet structure. In contrast, higher concentrations (3%) of cassava and corn flour improved pellet density and dry matter recovery due to their starch-based properties. Notably, 1% cassava flour produced the longest pellets, likely due to its gelatinization capacity and water retention behavior. Moisture content across treatments ranged from 34% to 40%, exceeding the ideal range for compost stability. Thus, post-processing drying is recommended to reduce moisture to 20-25%, enhancing microbial activity and shelf life. Based on the results, 1% molasses is suitable for maximizing yield, 3% cassava or corn flour is optimal for pellet density, and 1% cassava flour is ideal for pellet length. Future research should explore the inclusion of additional organic substrates such as poultry manure or vegetable waste, evaluate nutrient release and soil response, and examine the physical, chemical, and biological quality of Bokashi to ensure the broader applicability and sustainability of Bokashi pellet technology.
Optimization of Vermi Drippings for Organic Cultivation of Selected Vegetables in Davao, Philippines
Production of organic crops can be now possible through the use of vermicomposting technology. The primary product of the process is the vermicompost, an excellent organic fertilizer. Another by-product is the vermi drippings (VD) that was not studied as another source of organic foliar fertilizer for vegetable production in the Philippines. This research was conducted to optimize and explore the use of vermi drippings on the productivity and its effects on the incidence of major insect pests and on predatory lady beetle of hot pepper, eggplant and pechay under University of Southeastern Philippines Mabini, Philippines condition.Results revealed that the 10% vermi drippings provided the best rate by producing the tallest plant, increased number of branches, increased root length, root weight and root branches, increased fruit length and higher yield particularly in hot pepper and pechay vegetables. However, the vermi drippings and the synthetic pesticide (cypermethrin) failed to control insect pest population specifically the notorious eggplant fruit and shoot borer, white fly, and aphids. No harmful effect of the treatments on the predator, ladybird beetle, Epilachna transversalis.
Insect Faunal Diversity and Abundance from Three Pummelo (Citrus maxima [Burm.] Merr.) Orchards in Davao Province, Philippines
This study was conducted to measure insect faunal diversity and abundance from the three pummelo orchards with varying pest management characteristics in Davao del Norte, Philippines. Pest management activities of the farmers were the basis of classifying the three orchards into site 1 = “pesticide-free with permanent vegetation ground cover pummelo orchard”; site 2 = “diversified organic pummelo orchard”; site 3 = “commercial pummelo orchard”. Three sampling techniques were employed to record insect abundance and diversity, these were: Malaise trap, yellow pan trap, and a light trap. Malaise and yellow pan traps were installed for one week period per month simultaneously from the three sites. Light trap was installed once a month, particularly during the new moon period. Results revealed higher insect faunal family richness and diversity indices; more even distribution of insect numbers and with low dominance index in pesticide-free (site 1) and diversified organic pummelo (site 2) orchards. The commercial pummelo orchard (site 3) obtained very poor ecological indices values. Moreover, the pesticide-free and diversified organic pummelo orchards obtained very high similarity index indicating the same arthropod family compositions between the two sites.
Vermicompost Drippings as Substitute Foliar Fertilizer for Growing Organic Vegetable Seedlings
Vermicompost drippings (VD) as one of the by-products during vermicomposting has not been given much importance in the Philippines as organic fertilizer for economically important vegetable crops. As part of the nursery management, this study tried to attempt to determine the potential of vermicompost drippings on seed germination and seedling vigor and growth of selected vegetable crops. Generally, the application of vermicompost drippings did not further improve the germination of lettuce, pechay, and radish except for bell pepper. Significant improvements in the growth of seedlings was observed in VD-treated plants with similar effects with those seedlings fertilized with synthetic starter fertilizer solution. Those seedlings fertilized with synthetic fertilizer and those applied with vermicompost drippings produces taller plants with more leaves develop and well-developed root system compared to the unfertilized seedlings. Thus, the use of VD for growing organic vegetable seedlings could be a good substitute for the conventional way of fertilization using synthetic foliar fertilizer. Likewise, this result further showed that VD could be used for growing organic vegetable seedlings.
The Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry Resource Utilization In Bunawan, Agusan del Sur: A Basis For A Resource Utilization Plan
The study described the agricultural, fishery, and forestry resources and its utilization in the ten (10) barangays of the municipality of Bunawan. Using a descriptive design, it employed interview and focus group discussion in gathering the data needed. The respondents were selected purposively based on age, membership in cultural community, and duration of stay in the barangay. Based on the findings, agriculture is the major industry comprising 70% of the economic activities in the municipality yet, almost half of the agricultural land is left idle. The fishery is the main livelihood of settlers in the coastal areas where some are challenged by the flood and expensive fishing gears. At the same time, the forestry resource is a good source of timber requirements but least prominent because cutting trees is done every five (5) years hence, not a permanent source of income. These resources are used widely for household consumption and the excess of personal subsistence are offered for trading to compradors. As time evolves, these resources are produced not only for household sustenance but for the market, as well. The indigenous knowledge system and modern ways of utilizing the agricultural, fishery and forestry resources are a combined practices that promises a surplus production. However, most of the farmers and fisherfolks cannot afford the capitalization of the modern technology thereby, affecting the production of the resources. Further, marketing, low farm gate price, and recurring flood adversely were also the main constraints of high yield. Thus, a plan is necessary to guarantee sustainable utilization of resources at the lowest possible environmental cost towards the upliftment of the quality of people’s lives in the municipality.
Climbing Hempvine (Mikania scandens) As Potential Antibacterial Agent against Streptococcus mutans: Basis for Developing Instructional Material in Microbiology
Climbing Hempvine (Mikania scandens) also known as moti- moti is an invasive weed that is used as a first aid herbal medicine for tooth decay. Thus, this study was conducted to identify the Phytochemical compounds of Climbing Hempvine that inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans; determine the mean average zone of inhibition between experimental and control treatments and determine the significant difference in the mean average of zone inhibition between experimental and control treatment. The study used true experimental research design and data were analysed using t-test. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of Sterols, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Saponins, Glycosides and Tannins. Antimicrobial test revealed that Climbing Hempvine having the mean average of 17.33mm was more active against the Streptococcus mutans, than the control treatment Amoxicillin having the mean average of 14.00mm based on the standard inference on the diameter zone of inhibition. The t-test revealed that there is a significant difference on zone of inhibitions of the Streptococcus mutans tested between the Climbing Hempvine and Amoxicillin. The information generated in this study clearly indicates that Climbing Hempvine has more potential than Amoxicillin in terms of inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans. Thus, an instructional material in Microbiology was developed.
Incorporation of Red Seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) improves the Sensory Quality of Soft Milky Candy
Seaweed species mainly Kappaphycus is one of the sources of carrageenan in the world market and is locally abundant in the country. Fresh red seaweeds (Kappaphycus alvarezii) were used in the development of healthy sweetened food delicacy. This study aimed to develop sweetened soft milky candies with seaweed as an ingredient to improve the sensory and microbial qualities. Seaweed-based soft milky candy was evaluated on its sensory quality, moisture content and total plate count. Different levels of seaweed (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%; w/w) were substituted to obtain seaweed-incorporated mixture and mixture without seaweed served as the control. The addition of 10% to 40% seaweed on the sensory quality of the product was moderately acceptable regarding its odor, taste, texture and general acceptability. Moisture content increases with days of storage but not affected by the amount of seaweed incorporated. Mold growth was observed on samples added with 30% and 40% seaweed stored after three days with total plate count of 4.24 log CFU/g to 4.32 log CFU/g. Increasing seaweed concentration up to 20% produces softer candies and is safe to the consumer for three days when stored at room temperature without changes in its sensory and microbial quality.
Pollen Tube Growth Inhibition in Some Interspecific Hybrids of Solanum Species: A Research Note in Wide Hybridization
In the advent of modern agriculture, plant development programs aim to produce superior eggplant varieties which are resistant to pests and diseases. The interspecific hybrids of eggplant promise plant combinations that are expected to withstand different environmental changes through time. There are various crop wild relatives of eggplant that bear opportunity for interspecific transfer of disease, insect and nematode resistance. Interspesific F1 hybrids between S. aethiopicum Acc.8971 and S. melongena var. DLP and Acc. 3305 were produced. Recovered crosses were observed to have a high percentage of flower abscission and fruit set was never noted in them. Pollen tube study was conducted to unveil the pre-fertilization barriers causing hybrid sterility and breakdown. Fluorescence microscopy was used to determine pre-fertilization barriers. The pre-fertilization barrier in the form of inhibited pollen tube growth was noted.
Genetic Diversity Analysis of Five Mungbean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek) Varieties Based on Ribulose 1, 5-Biphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Large Subunit Gene (rbcL) Sequence
The Philippines is part of the center of diversity of mungbean (Vigna radiata). Despite of this, efforts in mungbean’s varietal development in the country has been very meager. Consequently, current mungbean varieties in the market lack key information on their genetic diversity and constitution. And this eventually leads to the species’ narrowed genetic base. Molecular assessment of the Ribulose 1, 5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large (rbcL) subunit gene sequences of five mungbean varieties (Super Yield 1, Super Yield 2, Thai-KUML, Pag-asa 3 and Kulabo) was done to acquire initial information on their genetic diversity. Modified Milligan method was used to isolate DNA from 5–day old sprouts. The rbcL gene for each sample was amplified and sequenced. BLASTn and MEGA7 and were used to generate the phylogenetic tree. The consensus maximum likelihood tree revealed that the five mungbean varieties are closely related to each other as far as the genetic affinity of their rbcL gene sequences are concerned. Moreover, this suggests that these varieties are genetically related and may be originated from the same progenitor.
Management of Communal Irrigation System in Agusan del Sur: A Descriptive Survey
The study was conducted to identify the issues in the management of communal irrigation system in the Municipality of Rosario, Agusan del Sur. In achieving this purpose, the researcher utilized the research survey method. For data collection, he used a descriptive survey questionnaire which was subjected to reliability test and content validity. Using purposive sampling, he involved 20 respondent members from every irrigation association (IA) in the municipality of Rosario. The results revealed that the common problems encountered by the management of irrigation systems were lack of technical data monitoring, lack of irritation facilities, water shortage during dry season, reluctance of farmers to pay irrigation service (ISF), inadequate distribution of water, dilapidated irrigation structures, and defective drainage canal system. Hence, establishing specific guidelines regarding water management of systems was recommended for the consideration of the Local Government Units (LGUs) in order to minimize conflicts among members, conduct more trainings and seminars for the enhancement and improvement of water distribution account system of the area.
Demographical Assessment, Climate Change Awareness and Adaptation Practices of Falcata (Paraserianthes falcataria) Growers in Barobo Municipality of Surigao del Sur
This study aimed to determine the climate change awareness and adaptation among falcata growers in Barobo, Surigao del Sur. The following findings were revealed in the study: the respondents from Barobo, Surigao del Sur were generally 41-50 years old, married, high school graduate, had 6 – 10 children, 6 -10 household members, and Roman Catholic. Majority of the respondents were moderately aware of climate change in the municipality of Barobo, Surigao del Sur. Most of them adapt at least six of the adaptation practices presented to them. Most of them raised awareness on water management, adjust planting schedules based on climate condition, improved drainage system, promote the advocacy of not burning plastic, tree planting and use of drought resistant crops.
Growth, Yield and Adaptability Assessment of F1 Lines of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) The Smooth Cayenne F1 and Emperor F1 Under Agusan del Sur Province, Philippine Condition
The study entitled “Growth, Yield and Adaptability Assessment of F1 Lines of Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Smooth Cayene and Emperor under Agusan del Sur Province Condition” The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three treatments used were: T0-native variety, T1-improved smooth cayenne F1 and T2-emperor F1. Result revealed a highly significant difference between treatments were observed on the different F1 lines of bell pepper grown under Agusan del Sur condition in terms of number of days to flowering, number of days to fruit setting, length of fruit (cm) and weight of fruits per plant (g). While in terms of stem diameter (mm) and diameter of fruits per plant (mm), a significant difference was rolled between treatment means were observed. On the other hand, the plant height (cm) and number of fruits per plant revealed that there is no significant effects between treatment means were observed.
Production of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Under Protective Cultivation Using Vermicompost as Soil Amendment
A field experiment was carried out on the growth and yield performance of two lettuce varieties as influenced by the level of vermicompost under low elevated plastic tunnel from December 2015 to February 2016 at Bunawan, Agusan del Sur. The experiment was laid out a 2x3 Factorial Experiment in randomized complete block (RCB) design with four replications consisting of two lettuce varieties (Green Towers and Corelle) and three levels of vermicompost (1 kg, 1.5 kg and 2 kg). The result showed that among growth parameters only plant height and width of leaves were found significantly different regarding variety. However, all growth and yield characteristics of lettuce were significantly influenced by the level of vermicompost, the mean values of all parameters markedly increased with increasing rate of vermicompost. On the other hand, the study revealed that low elevated tunnel was not able to attain the ideal temperature, relative humidity and light intensity for the optimum production of lettuce except for the protection it gave to the plants against the impact of heavy rainfall. The interaction effect between two variety of lettuce and level of vermicompost was found not significant in all parameter.
The Viability of Coconut Shell Charcoal Briquettes as Substitute Fuel for Cooking in Camiguin Province
Charcoal is an important agricultural by-product in Camiguin, as an essential source of domestic cooking fuel as well as an industrial raw material. The high production and demand of different types of charcoal (the wood charcoal, coconut shell charcoal, and the coconut shell charcoal briquettes) lead to an inquiry as to the environmental threats to agro-forest based farming system as well as its economic contribution in the province. Experiments, surveys, and interviews were used to draw out the perspectives of the charcoal producers, consumers and local government officials, and other key informants on the ground. This study revealed that among the consumers under study, eateries and bakeries claimed that coconut shell charcoal and wood charcoal are the main substitute to LPG for domestic cooking fuel but availability and high price lead the consumers to shift to coconut shell charcoal briquettes. Although coconut shell charcoal are abundant but most of the production are for industrial raw materials which are delivered outside the island. Among the three types of charcoal under study, consumers claimed that coconut shell charcoal briquettes are more economical to use due to its availability and cheaper price. Environmentally, coconut shell charcoal briquettes has a lesser effect on agro-forest based farming system as proven from experiments and interpretation of data.
Growth Response of Adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi, L.) With Bio-N Application Grown Under Climatic Condition of Bunawan, Agusan del Sur, Philippines
The study evaluated the growth responses of the four cultivars of Adlay (Coix lacryma–jobi, L.) namely, Dwarf, Kiboa, Pulot, and Ginampay with Bio-N inoculant application grown under the climatic condition of Bunawan, Agusan del Sur. The study establishes in two different experiments, a trial under laboratory and field condition that were both laid out in Split-Plot Design arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), in which cultivars as main plot (A) and Bio-N application as the sub-plot (B). The data documented were analyzed statistically by means of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe’s test at 5% probability level. Based on the results, the cultivars exhibited significantly different regarding average days of emergence and vigor index under laboratory experiment. Likewise, growth responses of Adlay under field condition statistically different regarding days of emergence and plant height. Meanwhile, application of Bio-N inoculant differed significantly on the growth responses of Adlay regarding vigor index under laboratory condition and days of emergence, percent of germinated seeds, and the number of leaves, plant height (cm), root length (cm) and number of primary roots under field condition. Moreover, the growth response of Adlay cultivars regarding vigor index improves through the Bio-N inoculant application. Further, Adlay is highly recommended to be sown on the field with Bio-N inoculant to achieve the ideal percent of germinated seeds.
The Response of Tissue Cultured Banana (Musa sapientum Linn.) Plantlets cv. Lakatan to Potting Media and Controlled Release Fertilizers
The present study was conducted to determine the response of tissue-cultured banana plantlets to potting media and controlled release fertilizers. This was conducted at the Plant Tissue Culture Nursery, ASSCAT, San Teodoro, Bunawan, Agusan del Sur from January 4 to March 4, 2017. Five potting media A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 (saw dust, empty fruit bunches of oil palm, carbonized rice hull, corn cobs, and coir dust) and application of controlled release fertilizers B0, B1, and B2 (complete fertilizers , Osmocote Plus, and Osmocote) were used respectively. The experiment was laid out in two-factor Factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The recorded data were analyzed statistically using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 1% probability level. Plantlets bagged with coir dust obtained the tallest plant height (cm), largest stem diameter (cm), the longest length of leaves (cm), broadest leaves (cm), and heaviest biomass weight (g). Whereas, number of leaves were observed in the plantlets bagged with carbonized rice hull. Likewise, plantlets applied with Osmocote Plus (15-9-12) had the tallest plant height (cm), largest stem diameter (cm), several numbers of leaves, longest length (cm) of leaves, broadest leaves (cm), and heaviest weight (g). Tissue-cultured lakatan banana plantlets potted either in coir dust or carbonized rice hull with the application of Osmocote Plus (15-9-12) enhanced the best growth performance during the vegetative stage.
Traditional Rice Varieties (Aromatic Rice): Grown in Organic Way Agusan del Sur State College of Agriculture and Technology
Traditional rice varieties, which include pigmented and aromatic, possesses excellent eating qualities. They are potential for export but the production and cultivation are limited because of their lower yield than modern varieties (Evangelista, Corpuz and Romero, 2017). The different aromatic rice varieties were planted to determine its characteristics, adaptability and yield performance in Agusan del Sur condition as influenced by organic foliar fertilizer. A study was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three treatments replicated three times. The five different aromatic rice varieties showed adaptability as manifested by its yield and yield components.
Comparing Yield and Growth of Different Aromatic Rice Varieties
Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals: environmental health, economic profitability and social and economic profitability. Realizing that maintaining a safe and clean environment reduce the risks of living and managing internal as well as external resources shared not only by one family but the whole community. It ensures continuity of the situation not only in the present generation but also for the coming generations. Production of staples should not only focus on the yield but it should also consider its each eating quality as well. The different aromatic rice lines were planted to determine its characteristics, adaptability and yield performance. A study was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with five treatments replicated three times. All aromatic rice lines were medium maturing, manifest moderate tolerance to major pest and medium yielder (2.67 t/ha).
Development and Acceptability of Selected Haw-an (Neochanna galaxiidae) Processed Products
This study was conducted to determine the acceptability level of selected processed products that utilized Haw-an as the main ingredient, namely: Haw-an longganisa, Haw-an Patties, Haw-an Nuggets, and Haw-an Chips. Thirty respondents were chosen to evaluate the acceptability level of the processed products, ten from children ten from adolescents, and ten from adults. Statistical techniques used were the computation of arithmetic means, Analysis of Variance, and T-test. It was found out that the preparation 3 was the most accepted preparation of Haw-an Longganisa and Hawan Patties, while preparation 2 for Haw-an Nuggets and Haw-an Chips. The ANOVA result showed that there is no significant difference existed on the acceptability of level of the most accepted preparations of Haw-an Longganisa, Haw-an Patties, Haw-an Nuggets and Haw-an chips in terms of appearance, flavor, texture and consistency, odor and aroma, and general acceptability when respondents are classified according to age. On the other hand, the result also showed that there is no significant difference existed on the acceptability of the most accepted preparations of Haw-an Longganisa, Haw-an Patties, Haw-an Nuggets, and Haw-an Chips in terms of the five criteria when respondents are classified according to gender. However, significant difference existed on the acceptability level of Haw-an longganisa in terms of flavor when respondents are classified according gender. It was also found out that the most accepted preparations were all nutritious. Furthermore, the shelf life of Haw-an longganisa lasted only for 13 days, Haw-an Patties lasted only for 10 days, Haw-an nuggets for 5 days, and Haw-an chips got only 2 days of shelf-life.
Production Performance and Visceral Organ Weights in Broiler (Gallus domesticus) Fed with Home Made Ration Supplemented with Different Levels of Palm Kernel Meal and Commercial Multi-enzyme
The study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding homemade rations supplemented with varying levels of Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) and Commercial Multi-enzyme (CME) on the growth performance and organ weights of broiler chickens. 135-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to nine treatment combinations in a 3x3 factorial design, with factor A (PKM at 0%, 5%, and 10%) and factor B (CME at 0%, 0.2%, and 0.4%). Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance for a Complete Randomized Design (CRD), followed by Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test. Results revealed no (p<0.05) significant differences in growth performance across treatments, indicating that the inclusion of PKM and CME in homemade rations does not affect growth parameters. However, a significant (p<0.05) difference was observed in the weight of the heart. Treatment 3 (0% PKM, 0.4% CME) had a significantly lower heart weight (5.23 g) compared to Treatment 1 (0% PKM, 0% CME) at 5.87 g and Treatment 5 (5% PKM, 0.2% CME) at 5.76 g. These results suggests that higher levels of CME may influence heart weight. Other visceral organ weights showed no significant differences (p<0.05). These findings indicate that homemade rations with PKM and CME can be effectively used in broiler production without compromising growth.
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Sensory Evaluation of Broiler Chicken (Gallus domesticus) Fed Homemade Rations with Palm Kernel Meal and Commercial Multi-Enzyme Supplementation
This study evaluated the sensory characteristics of broiler chicken meat from birds fed homemade rations supplemented with varying levels of Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) and Commercial Multi-Enzyme (CME). A total of 135-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to nine treatment combinations in a 3x3 factorial design, with factor A (PKM at 0%, 5%, and 10%) and factor B (CME at 0%, 0.2%, and 0.4%). The evaluation focused on dressed weight, dressing percentage, aroma/odor, texture, taste/flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), followed by Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test to determine significant differences among treatments. Results revealed that Treatment 3 (0% PKM, 0.4% CME) produced the heaviest dressed weight, while Treatment 7 (10% PKM, 0% CME) had the highest dressing percentage. Sensory evaluation indicated that Treatments 4, 7, and 8 were rated as having the most tender meat. Moreover, significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in aroma/odor, texture, taste/flavor, juiciness, and overall acceptability among broiler chickens fed different PKM levels. Additionally, the interaction between PKM and CME significantly influenced the aroma/odor of the meat. These findings suggest that incorporating PKM and CME in homemade rations can influence the sensory attributes of broiler chicken meat, highlighting their potential application in poultry nutrition for improved meat quality.
Study Habits and Anxiety of Scholars in Math: A Categorical Logistic Regression Model
Scholars never aim to fail their enrolled courses. This study ascertains understanding whether the scholarship that a student has can be predicted from his study skills and anxiety in Mathematics. Using simple random sampling technique, data were gathered from 61 scholars enrolled in the first semester AY 2017—2018 in Surigao State College of Technology with the aid of the questionnaire on Math study skills adapted from Carolyn Hopper. Categorical logistic regression was conducted for the analysis of results. Findings revealed that a study habit of a student in Mathematics is a significant predictor of his scholarship as well as anxiety level in Math. ESKOLARAN have better study habits contrary to ESGP-PA grantees. Regardless of scholarship type, using good study skills in Math lessen anxiety level in the said subject. On the other hand, scholarship and anxiety level in Math influenced the study habits of a student. ESGP-PA grantees with severe anxiety were most likely have a difficult time in Math while CHED-TD scholars with severe anxiety have the highest probability to gain average study skills. ESKOLARAN with mild anxiety has the highest chance to obtain good study skills.
Indigofera (Indigofera zollingeriana syn. L. teysmanni) as Growth and Health Promoters for Broiler Chicken
It aimed to determine the growth performance of broiler fed with commercial ration supplemented with varying levels of Indigofera leaves and fermented juice added to drinking water. A 3x3 factorial experiment arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with commercial ration added with air-dried Indigofera (A) and volume of fermented Indigofera juice (B) in four replications were used. Results of the study showed significant differences on both Factor A (Ao – 100 grams commercial ration, A1 – 110 grams commercial ration + 10 grams air-dried Indigofera, A2 – 100 grams commercial ration + 20 grams airdried Indigofera) and Factor B ( Bo – pure drinking water, B1- 900 ml drinking water + 100 ml fermented plant juice, B2 – 800 ml drinking water + 800 ml fermented plant juice ) with regards to their final weight, weight gain, dressed weight.
Free-Living Marine Nematodes in the Intertidal Area of Davao Gulf, Philippines
The Philippines, whose waters comprise part of the Coral Triangle, a geographical area considered the global center of biodiversity, has one of the most diverse marine ecosystems in the world yet its marine nematode communities have not been extensively described. This scenario motivates us to address the paucity of taxonomic information in the region on nematodes as important biological drivers of nutrient recycling. The current study is a preliminary survey of free-living marine nematodes mainly from two sites (Punta Biao and Cinco) in Davao Gulf, Southern Philippines. Punta Biao has generally sandy substrate with seagrass beds that act as nursery grounds for fishes and sink for pollutants. On the other hand, Cinco is a coral beach resort developed for tourism. Six samples were randomly collected from each site. Preliminary qualitative results showed diverse fauna belonging to Orders Monhysterida, Chromadorida, Enoplida, and Dorylaimida. A total of 14 families and 34 genera, dominated by Daptonema, were identified to date from the coral beach habitat (Cinco) while 14 families and 22 genera, dominated by Retrotheristus, were identified from sandy seagrass beds (Punta Biao). For other stations sampled, the number of nematode genera recorded was 22 (Cuabo river mouth) and 8 (Baybay beach). Initial characterization of new marine nematode species is in progress.
Growth Assessment of Out-Planted Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) As Influenced By Different Organic Based Foliar Fertilizers
A study on the growth response of out-planted Arabica coffee as influenced by different organic foliar fertilizer application was conducted at (ASSCAT) Agusan del Sur State College of Agriculture and Technology Coffee Project Plantation, Bunawan, Agusan del Sur. This study was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments replicated three times and a total of 12 plots. The treatments used were as follows control no fertilizer, Growmore 3g (T0), and 2.0ml Wokozim (T1) and 2.0ml California growers (T2) and 2.0 ml Hyfer (T3). The result revealed that, in terms of final stem diameter was highly significant difference between treatments means observed. However, there were no significant difference observed on the plant height increment, initial stem diameter, initial and final number of leaves and number of branches on the growth response of Arabica coffee applied with different organic foliar fertilizer.
Production Performance and Visceral Organ Weights in Broiler (Gallus domesticus) Fed Commercial Ration Supplemented with Different Levels of Fresh Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.)
The study was undertaken to examine the influence of feeding commercial ration supplemented with different levels of fresh Moringa (0, 5, 10 and 15%) on growth performance and effects on organ weights of broiler chickens. The presence of xanthophyll and carotenoid pigments in Moringa caused yellowing around the shanks and breast region of broilers but this was not detrimental to birds. The initial weights of birds distributed to the different treatments were similar (P>0.05) indicating homogeneity in the distribution of samples to treatments. On growth parameters, total feed intake was significantly depressed in birds feed commercial ration supplemented with 15% (P<0.05) fresh Moringa. However, other growth parameters like average daily weight gain, weight gain, final weight and feed conversion ratio were comparable (P>0.05) in birds fed commercial diet alone and with birds supplemented with different levels of fresh Moringa. The lack of depressive effects of Moringa in birds growth parameter, except total feed intake, may suggest high degradation of Moringa in broilers intestinal tract. Moreover, though total feed intake is depressed, it has no preponderant effect on other growth parameters measured. The gross income and return above feed cost were comparable (P>0.05) but total feed cost was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in birds supplemented with 15% Moringa. This may suggest that Moringa supplementation may be cost effective to replace a portion of a commercial diet. Further, live weight, dress weight and organ weight were similar (P>0.05) but dressing percentage was significantly lowered (P<0.05) in birds supplemented different levels of Moringa. In some way, the decrease in the dressing percentage may also be related to the increase in bulkiness and metabolizable concentration brought about by feeding broilers some non-conventional feedstuff. It can be concluded that Moringa supplemented in commercial diet fed to broilers was well tolerated at the inclusion rate of 5-10 without deterrent effects in growth, organ weights, and economic parameters.
Satisfaction Level on the Usage of Rice Crop Manager Through Time, Cost and Visit Analysis
Various implemented technologies have been associated with satisfaction level leading to public rejection of their use. Indeed, understanding of these factors that affect every technological advancement is much noteworthy for a study. The core concern of this study is to evaluate the required TCV (Time, Cost and Visit) of the newly implemented project of the Department of Agriculture entitled, “Rice Crop Manager: An Online Fertilizer Recommendation” and to evaluate the farmers’ satisfaction level. The study made use a descriptive research design and utilized a survey questionnaire. An interview method of collecting the data was conducted among the 102 farmers who participated in the long seasonal field study on rice farming. Based on the analyzed data and gathered report, the new service has made less expensive, easy and quick access to the farmers. The study also discloses farmers’ perception as satisfied regarding the service time, cost and visit to facility provider beneficiaries. Therefore, the Rice Crop Manager as the newly introduced project reduced effectively the time and cost spend by the farmers and showed a changing scenario about the traditional fertilizer recommendation services. Further, the study suggested on the development of the internet server and providing easy access to internet that could help farmers to get online recommendation more flexible.
Evaluating the Performance of Three Mungbean (Vigna radiata, L.) Varieties Grown Under Varying Inter-row Spacing
The study aimed to evaluate the agronomical traits and yield performances of three different mungbean varieties grown under varying inter-row spacing. A field trial was conducted to establish the proper inter-row spacing and appropriate variety evaluation under the agro-climatic condition of Agusan del Sur. Three mungbean varieties V1, V2, V3 (Wonder, Malagkit, Kalaya) were grown at three inter-row spacing (S1 - 40 cm, S2 - 50 cm, S3 - 60 cm) respectively. An experiment was set out in Split-Plot Design arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), in which inter-row spacing as main plot (A) and varieties as the sub-plot (B). The data documented were analyzed statistically by means of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 1% probability level. Inter-row spacing significantly influenced the nodules per plant, pods per plant, biological yield, seed yield, harvest index and shelling percentage. Likewise, the performance of varieties significantly differed in agronomical traits and yield performances of mungbean except on the nodules per plant. Moreover, a significant interaction effects between inter-row spacing and variety were observed only on the yield performances of mungbean; particularly in biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, and shelling percentage. Furthermore, it recommends in this study that the Kalaya variety of mungbean should be planted in a 50 cm inter-row spacing to achieve the best seed yield (kg/ha).